The stability and reliability of electricity grids requires a continuous balance between energy supply and demand. Renewable generation, such as solar and wind, is intermittent, which causes sudden and unanticipated changes to power output and contributes to electricity grid instability. 

For example, the intermittency associated with photo-voltaic (PV) generation is prohibiting the rapid adoption of utility-scale integration with the grid systems. Dispatchable demand response requires conventional generation, such as coal or gas facilities, to offset the variability in output.